In a time when Japanese films were just reaching foreign shores, Tokyo Story director, Yasujiro Ozu, was considered too Japanese to be exported. His simplistic style and go-to themes reflect his very modest life. Ozu never married, living with his mother until the end of his life after he returned from service in the Second World War. His gravestone today bears one single Japanese character; the character of nothingness.

So why should you care about Yasujiro Ozu?
  • He was one of the leading film-makers in Japan’s golden age of film (1950s).
  • His techniques broke Hollywood’s unwritten rules of cinematography (how a film is shot).
  • His films appeal to everyone with universal themes of family, time, and loss.
  • Tokyo Story is ranked No.3 on Sight & Sound’s best films of ALL TIME!

What makes this film great?

1. Rule-Breaking Cinematography

You might have noticed the low placement of the camera in most of this film. The height of the camera is set to around 3 foot off of the ground, the same height as someone kneeling on a Tatami mat (the ‘tatami shot’). In Hollywood, a camera looking up at characters gives them power, in contrast, in Tokyo Story, this low camera feels respectful and open, as no character dominates a single scene.

You might have also noticed how in conversation, Ozu points the camera straight at the talking characters. In Hollywood, we would normally see characters talking from behind the shoulder of the character they are talking to, but here the focus on the talking character places us (the viewer) in the center of the conversation. It also completely exposes the characters to our judgment.

Another feature Ozu deliberately does not use is camera movement. There was only one moving shot in the whole film (apparently more than his other films), where the camera moves along a fence to show the elderly couple evicted by their children. Some of you might be put off by this, but fortunately for us, Ozu magically creates 360 degree spaces. The still shots force us to absorb everything he puts in front of us.

The still shots add tone by lingering at the beginning and end of each shot. For example, characters often leave the room before the director cuts to follow them into the next room. Again, this is completely different to Hollywood films which employed ‘invisible editing’ where the cuts between each shot are so smooth that you often don’t notice them. So maybe if you are confused about what cutting is, then you’ve probably just grown up surrounded by smooth Hollywood editing. (Follow this link to learn more about editing). The lingering shots in Tokyo Story force us to think about what has happened, a lot like the when a theater stage is changed in-between scenes.

Together, the effects that Ozu uses help to build the tone of the film. The camera conveys respect, serenity, and tradition. This probably sounds pretentious so I’ll quickly explain. The camera is respectful because it never cuts from that is speaking and usually looks each character straight in the eye when they are speaking. The camera is serene in the silence and empty spaces shown at the beginning and end of shots (through the lingering). Lastly, the camera represents tradition through the ‘tatami shot’ and its lack of movement (the only movement in the film signifies a progression of time. No progression = no modernization = tradition!). So there you have it! Cinematography (the art of camera-work) does an awful lot!

2. Themes! The battle of the Old vs. the New in Tokyo Story

 Tokyo Story shows what it was like to live in Japan in the post-war period. The Second World War drained a lot of resources from Japan and ultimately ended in defeat for Japan in 1945. Images of Tokyo are used to break up scenes of the family. It is mostly shown as industrial, with pictures of factories billowing smoke and railways. The city is busy with development and modernization which reflects in its inhabitants. All of the elderly couple’s children in Tokyo are too busy and pre-occupied to spend time with them. Their jobs in Tokyo have become their lives.

The modernization of Tokyo has favored work at the expense of tradition. This is obviously pointed out on a bus tour the elderly couple are taken on which shows ancient temples surrounded by modern buildings. The past is also forgotten by the children who are too wrapped up in their careers and self to spend time with their elderly parents. The grandchildren are even more distant, too sheltered to know who their grandparents are or the traditions that they represent. The traditional central role of the family has been destroyed within these three generations, family is no longer important.

Ozu was a supporter of tradition, evident in his ‘Tatami shots’ and late adoption of film with sound (even most of his sound films feature very little background music). It is therefore not surprising that he chooses an elderly couple and a respectful daughter in law to sympathize with. With their mother’s death in the final act, tradition breathes its last breath. After a brief sob, her daughter Shige disrespectfully asks her father if she can take her mother’s Kimono, a symbol of Japanese culture. With this Shige dilutes Japanese tradition and culture further as it is replaced by self-obsession.

3. Acting – Small-talk in Tokyo Story

Quickly, I would also like to point out the subtlety of the acting in Tokyo Story. Firstly, the grandparents convey a lot without speaking. For example, the grandpa, played by Chishu Ryu, conveys so much by gently nodding. It may sound silly, but think about it. Before leaving for Tokyo he nods with excitement at the neighbor when answering her questions about his upcoming trip. In Tokyo he nods respectfully and fairly formally when greeting his children that he has not seen in a long time (showing the distance between the generations). Later, his nods convey disappointment when his family asks him to stay somewhere else. Lastly, his nods convey deep sadness when talking to his neighbor and Noriko after his wife passes away. Do I still sound crazy?

As film critic Roger Ebert said of Tokyo Story: “given the opportunity as a family o share our hopes and disappointments, we talk about the weather and watch TV.” The formalities in family conversation during the film reflect Ebert’s statement. When speaking with their children, the parents make polite conversation. They only talk about their hopes and disappointments to their daughter-in-law Noriko and with the help of alcohol. The nods of the Grandpa are the only clue to his true feelings, marking the break in the two generations.

 What’s Next for Week 2?

I hope you enjoyed Tokyo Story as much as I did. Next week we will take a look at Japan’s most famous film director, Akira Kurosawa. Stick around for Samurai epic Ran, Kurosawa’s favorite film of his storied career. A mixture of Samurai genre and Shakespeare (King Lear), this film is truly epic in size (the beautiful landscapes and enormous casts are astonishing) and is worth watching just for the spectacle alone.

See you next week for more analysis and our next assignment!

 

The Fourth Man

The Fourth Man Film Difficulty Ranking: 2

“I lie the truth, until I no longer know whether something did or did not happen.” Who can you trust in this psycho-thriller from Verhoeven.

From: Netherlands, Europe
Watch: Trailer, Buy on Amazon
Next: Oldboy, Who Killed Teddy Bear?, The Shining
Continue reading “The Fourth Man – Dutch Thriller Full of Symbolism”

1280px-Flag_of_Japan.svgJapanese cinema is truly one of the world’s best. Japan is one of the largest producers of movies and a producer that has always produced excellent films from Kurosawa to Miyazaki. Chances are, your favorite film-makers, are either influenced by Japanese film-makers, or they are Japanese.

Starting this week, you’ll be introduced to another essential Japanese each week. This course will cover a range of genres and introduce you to the nation’s greatest directors. From samurai films to horror, anime to gangster, I can guarantee there will be something for everyone.

By the end of the course, you’ll be a budding expert on Japanese film, and hopefully a fan too!

Introduction to Japanese Film – Let’s Get Started!

Firstly, go watch this great video about the history of Japan to give you a great historical context before you start your course.

Secondly, get ready for your first Japanese film assignment. Up first is Yasujiro Ozu’s classic, Tokyo Story. Don’t be afraid of the black and white or subtitles, this one features many universal themes such as family, time, and loss, and features some great acting and beautiful cinematography.

Here are three things to look out for in Tokyo Story:

  • How high is the camera from the ground?
  • Which characters do you sympathize with in the whole family?
  • Are there many signs of tradition in the film?

Go watch Tokyo Story anywhere you can, on Amazon, Youtube, iTunes, or any other source you can!

Don’t forget to subscribe to FilmRoot so you don’t forget to return next Tuesday for the analysis of Tokyo Story and to get your next assignment!

 

Arriving in London

Onye Ozi Film Difficulty Ranking: 2

This Nigerian film won awards at Nollywood for its celebration of the Igbo Language. Although I thought it was a bit too much like a cheesy telenovela, it has inspired me to search for Nigeria’s best films.

From: Nigeria, Africa
Watch: Trailer, IMDb
Next: Akasha, October 1, I Am Not A Witch
Continue reading “Onye Ozi – A Nollywood Comedy Based in London”
 Dieter Surviving

Little Dieter Needs to Fly Film Difficulty Ranking: 1

This documentary from German master Werner Herzog explores the balance between life and death in the epic survival story of Little Dieter.

From: Germany, Europe
Watch: Trailer, Watch on YouTube, Rent on Amazon, Buy on Amazon, Tubi
Next: Rescue Dawn, The Great Escape, The Marriage of Maria Braun
Continue reading “Little Dieter Needs to Fly – Another Epic Survival Story”